Function: Using suppression subtractive hybridization with mouse muscle organoid cultures, Kemp et al. (2000) found that Ankrd2 expression increased 4-fold after 7 days of stretch. Ankrd2 expression also increased during myoblast fusion and decreased upon differentiation to the prefusion level.

Function: Nakamura et al. (2002) found aberrant expression of CARP and ARPP in atrophic muscles in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS; see OMIM:105400). ARPP was expressed in a checkerboard pattern in control skeletal muscle, but the checkerboard pattern was absent in ALS muscle. Loss of the checkerboard pattern was not restricted to severe cases, but also occurred in mild cases with less atrophic muscles. ARPP was highly expressed in nuclei of ALS muscle, and ARPP was frequently coexpressed with fast MHC (see OMIM:160730), embryonic MHC (MYH3; OMIM:160720), and slow MHC (MYH7; OMIM:160760) in ALS muscle fibers.

Function: Using in vitro and in vivo binding experiments, Kojic et al. (2004) showed that ANKRD2 interacted with the Z disc protein telethonin (TCAP; OMIM:604488), as well as with the transcription factors YB1 (NSEP1; OMIM:154030), PML (OMIM:102578) isoform IV, and p53 (TP53; OMIM:191170). ANKRD2 colocalized with PML in punctate nuclear bodies in differentiated human myotubes. In primary human myoblasts, no nuclear bodies were detected, and both ANKRD2 and PML localized diffusely in the cytoplasm. ANKRD2 bound p53 in vitro and in vivo and enhanced upregulation of the CDKN1A (OMIM:116899) promoter by p53. Kojic et al. (2004) hypothesized that ANKRD2 may be involved in sensing stress signals and linking these to muscle gene regulation.

Function: Using immunohistochemical microscopy, Ishiguro et al. (2005) found that ARPP was expressed in 33 (89.2%) of 37 of rhabdomyosarcomas tested. Western blot analysis revealed ARPP in all rhabdomyosarcomas tested. High ARPP expression was generally associated with morphologic evidence of skeletal muscle differentiation of tumor cells. In contrast, ARPP was expressed in only 8 (6.3%) of 126 non-rhabdomyosarcoma tumors examined.

Function: Mckoy et al. (2005) found significant upregulation of Ankred2 mRNA and protein in mouse tibialis anterior muscle following 4 and 7 days of passive stretch. In fast muscles of kyphoscoliotic (see OMIM:605739) mutant mice, which lack the hypertrophic response to overload but have a slower muscle phenotype than wildtype mice, Ankrd2 expression was also significantly upregulated. In contrast, denervation of rat soleus muscle, which produces a shift toward the fast muscle phenotype, was associated with marked downregulation of Ankrd2. Mckoy et al. (2005) concluded that ANKRD2 is a stretch-response gene associated with slow muscle function, and that it is part of a mechanotransduction system separate from the one that regulates muscle mass.

Summary

Top-ranked sequences

Query    74 EDEKHHGAQSAALQKVKGQERVRKTSLDLR#REIIDVGGIQNLIELRKKRKQKKRDALAAS  133
            ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||#||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Query    74 EDEKHHGAQSAALQKVKGQERVRKTSLDLR#REIIDVGGIQNLIELRKKRKQKKRDALAAS  133

Query    74 EDEKHHGAQSAALQKVKGQERVRKTSLDLR#REIIDVGGIQNLIELRKKRKQKKRDALAAS  133
            ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||#||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Query    74 EDEKHHGAQSAALQKVKGQERVRKTSLDLR#REIIDVGGIQNLIELRKKRKQKKRDALAAS  133

Query    74 EDEKHHGAQSAALQKVKGQERVRKTSLDLR#REIIDVGGIQNLIELRKKRKQKKRDALAAS  133
            ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||#|||||||||||||+||||||||||||||||
Sbjct   194 EDEKHHGAQSAALQKVKGQERVRKTSLDLR#REIIDVGGIQNLIQLRKKRKQKKRDALAAS  253

Query    74 EDEKHHGAQSAALQKVKGQERVRKTSLDLR#REIIDVGGIQNLIELRKKRKQKKRDALAAS  133
            ||||| || | |||||||||||||||||||#||||||||||||||||||||||||+||||+
Sbjct    43 EDEKHQGAPSLALQKVKGQERVRKTSLDLR#REIIDVGGIQNLIELRKKRKQKKREALAAA  102

Query    74 EDEKHHGAQSAALQKVKGQERVRKTSLDLR#REIIDVGGIQNLIELRKKRKQKKRDAL  130
            |+|||||||+ |||||||||||||||||||#||||||||||||||||||||||||+||
Sbjct    55 ENEKHHGAQNLALQKVKGQERVRKTSLDLR#REIIDVGGIQNLIELRKKRKQKKREAL  111

Query    74 EDEKHHGAQSAALQKVKGQERVRKTSLDLR#REIIDVGGIQNLIELRKKRKQKKRDALAAS  133
            ||||  | || |||||||||||||||||||#|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||+
Sbjct   123 EDEKRLGVQSPALQKVKGQERVRKTSLDLR#REIIDVGGIQNLIELRKKRKQKKRDALAAA  182

Query    74 EDEKHHGAQSAALQKVKGQERVRKTSLDLR#REIIDVGGIQNLIELRKKRKQKKRDALAAS  133
            |+||  | || |||||||||||||||||||#|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||+
Sbjct    43 EEEKRLGVQSPALQKVKGQERVRKTSLDLR#REIIDVGGIQNLIELRKKRKQKKRDALAAA  102

Query    75 DEKHHGAQSAALQKVKGQERVRKTSLDLR#REIIDVGGIQNLIELRKKRKQKKR  127
            |||+    +  |  +|| +||||||+|||#+|||||||||||||+||||+++|+
Sbjct    43 DEKYQPPVNRNLANLKGDDRVRKTSVDLR#KEIIDVGGIQNLIEIRKKRQERKK   95

Query    74 EDEKHHGAQSAALQKVKGQERVRKTSLDLR#REIIDVGGIQNLIELRKKRKQKKRDALA  131
            |+||  | ++  ++ +|||+|||++|+|||#||||||| || ||||||+|++++ +  |
Sbjct    62 EEEKRQGPRNRGIEAIKGQDRVRRSSVDLR#REIIDVGSIQRLIELRKQRRKRREERAA  119

Query    86 LQKVKGQERVRKTSLDLR#REIIDVGGIQNLIELRKKRKQKKR  127
            |  +|| +||||||+|||#+|||||||||||||+||||+++|+
Sbjct    52 LANLKGDDRVRKTSVDLR#KEIIDVGGIQNLIEIRKKRQERKK   93

[PubMed ID: 16021567] ... Ishiguro N, Motoi T, Osaki M, Araki N, Minamizaki T, Moriyama M, Ito H, Yoshida H, Immunohistochemical analysis of a muscle ankyrin-repeat protein, Arpp, in paraffin-embedded tumors: evaluation of Arpp as a tumor marker for rhabdomyosarcoma. Hum Pathol. 2005 Jun;36(6):620-5.

[PubMed ID: 15677738] ... Mckoy G, Hou Y, Yang SY, Vega Avelaira D, Degens H, Goldspink G, Coulton GR, Expression of Ankrd2 in fast and slow muscles and its response to stretch are consistent with a role in slow muscle function. J Appl Physiol. 2005 Jun;98(6):2337-43; discussion 2320. Epub 2005 Jan 27.

[PubMed ID: 15136035] ... Kojic S, Medeot E, Guccione E, Krmac H, Zara I, Martinelli V, Valle G, Faulkner G, The Ankrd2 protein, a link between the sarcomere and the nucleus in skeletal muscle. J Mol Biol. 2004 May 28;339(2):313-25.

[PubMed ID: 15164054] ... Deloukas P, Earthrowl ME, Grafham DV, Rubenfield M, French L, Steward CA, Sims SK, Jones MC, Searle S, Scott C, Howe K, Hunt SE, Andrews TD, Gilbert JG, Swarbreck D, Ashurst JL, Taylor A, Battles J, Bird CP, Ainscough R, Almeida JP, Ashwell RI, Ambrose KD, Babbage AK, Bagguley CL, Bailey J, Banerjee R, Bates K, Beasley H, Bray-Allen S, Brown AJ, Brown JY, Burford DC, Burrill W, Burton J, Cahill P, Camire D, Carter NP, Chapman JC, Clark SY, Clarke G, Clee CM, Clegg S, Corby N, Coulson A, Dhami P, Dutta I, Dunn M, Faulkner L, Frankish A, Frankland JA, Garner P, Garnett J, Gribble S, Griffiths C, Grocock R, Gustafson E, Hammond S, Harley JL, Hart E, Heath PD, Ho TP, Hopkins B, Horne J, Howden PJ, Huckle E, Hynds C, Johnson C, Johnson D, Kana A, Kay M, Kimberley AM, Kershaw JK, Kokkinaki M, Laird GK, Lawlor S, Lee HM, Leongamornlert DA, Laird G, Lloyd C, Lloyd DM, Loveland J, Lovell J, McLaren S, McLay KE, McMurray A, Mashreghi-Mohammadi M, Matthews L, Milne S, Nickerson T, Nguyen M, Overton-Larty E, Palmer SA, Pearce AV, Peck AI, Pelan S, Phillimore B, Porter K, Rice CM, Rogosin A, Ross MT, Sarafidou T, Sehra HK, Shownkeen R, Skuce CD, Smith M, Standring L, Sycamore N, Tester J, Thorpe A, Torcasso W, Tracey A, Tromans A, Tsolas J, Wall M, Walsh J, Wang H, Weinstock K, West AP, Willey DL, Whitehead SL, Wilming L, Wray PW, Young L, Chen Y, Lovering RC, Moschonas NK, Siebert R, Fechtel K, Bentley D, Durbin R, Hubbard T, Doucette-Stamm L, Beck S, Smith DR, Rogers J, The DNA sequence and comparative analysis of human chromosome 10. Nature. 2004 May 27;429(6990):375-81.

[PubMed ID: 11972353] ... Laveder P, De Pitta C, Toppo S, Valle G, Lanfranchi G, A two-step strategy for constructing specifically self-subtracted cDNA libraries. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 May 1;30(9):e38.

[PubMed ID: 11453652] ... Moriyama M, Tsukamoto Y, Fujiwara M, Kondo G, Nakada C, Baba T, Ishiguro N, Miyazaki A, Nakamura K, Hori N, Sato K, Shomori K, Takeuchi K, Satoh H, Mori S, Ito H, Identification of a novel human ankyrin-repeated protein homologous to CARP. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001 Jul 20;285(3):715-23.

[PubMed ID: 11444853] ... Pallavicini A, Kojic S, Bean C, Vainzof M, Salamon M, Ievolella C, Bortoletto G, Pacchioni B, Zatz M, Lanfranchi G, Faulkner G, Valle G, Characterization of human skeletal muscle Ankrd2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001 Jul 13;285(2):378-86.

[PubMed ID: 10873377] ... Kemp TJ, Sadusky TJ, Saltisi F, Carey N, Moss J, Yang SY, Sassoon DA, Goldspink G, Coulton GR, Identification of Ankrd2, a novel skeletal muscle gene coding for a stretch-responsive ankyrin-repeat protein. Genomics. 2000 Jun 15;66(3):229-41.

[PubMed ID: 1204005] ... Sosovec V, Ivicic L, Gaspar I, L'Achova B, [Incidence of benign conjugated hyperbilirubinemia with pigment in the liver in Spis (Dubin-Johnson syndrome) II. Attempts at screening of carrier state by means of BSP test] Cesk Gastroenterol Vyz. 1975 Dec;29(8):517-26.